Scientist

                                   

                                 Scientists

   A typical view of a scientist is that of a person in a white coat, conductinng experiments. The Truth is that a scientist can be defined as a person who is involved in the systematic and documented study of the phenomena that occur in nature but are not limited to just physics, chemistry or biology. They even indulge in studies related to the makeup of the earth and social scenarios where they study and try to understand the behavoiur of a group of individual of a particular species, sub- species or  any other classification.

                                     Alexander Fleming

                                   

Name:- Sir Alexander Fleming

Born:- 6 August 1881 ( Scotland )

Died:-11 March 1955 (Aged 73) London, England

Citizenship:- United kingdom

Nationality:- Scottish

Fields:- Bacteriology, Immunology

Known For:- Discovery of penicillin

Noble awards:- Nobel prize in Philology or Medicine(1945)

S ir Alexander Fleming was a Scottish biologist, pharmacologist and botanist. He wrote many articles on bacteriology, immunology and chemotherapy. His best known discovery are the enzyme lysozyme in 1923 and the antibiotic substance penicillin from the mould Penicillim notatum. In 1928 for which he shared the Nobel Prize in physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain.

He served as president of the society for General Microbiology, he was a Member of the Pontifical Academy of Science and Honorary Member of almost all the medical and scientific socities of the world. He was Rector of Edinbur Universit during 1951-1954, Fee man of many boroughs and cities and Honorary Cheif Dog-gei-tau of the Kiowa tribe. He was also awarded doctorate, honors causa degrees of almost thirty European and American Universities.

Dr Fleming died on March 11th in 1955 and is burried in St. paul's Cathedral.

 After World War 1, Fleming continued to work on leukocytes and antisepsis. In 1921 he discovered a substance in nasal mucus that causes bacteria to disintegrate . Fleming and a colleague subsequently detected this substance, which he named lysozyme, in human blood serum, tears, saliva, milk , and a wide variety of other fluids. In its natural state, lysozyme seemed to be more effective against harmless airbone bacteria than against disease-causing bacteria. 

                               Abdul Qadeer Khan

Name:- Abdul Qadeer Khan

Born:- 1 April 1936 (age 77) Bhopal (India)

Residence:- Islamabad, Islamabad Capital Territory

Citizenship:- Pakistani

Nationality:- Pakistani

Fields:- Metallurgical Engineering

Known for:- Atomic deterrence programe Ultracentrifuges development Martensite and Morphology

Notable awards:- Hilal-i-Imtiaz (14 August 1989)

                             Nishan-e-Imtiaz( 14 August 1996)

A bdual Qadeer khan born on 1 Aoril 1936 in Bhopal (India). He also knon by some in Pakistan as Mohsin-e-Pakistan (" Benefacto of Pakistan) more popularly known as Dr. A. Q. Khan, is a Pakistani nuclear scientist and metallurgical engineer, colloquially regarded as the founder of HEU based Gas-centrifuge uranium erichment program for Pakistan's integrated atomic bomb project. Khan founded and established Kahuta Research Laboratories (KRL) in 1976, being both its senior scientst and the director-general until his retirement in 2001 , he was an early and vital figure in other science projects. Apart from participating in Pakistan's atomic bomb project, he made major contributions in Moecular morphology , physical martensite, and its integrated application in condensed and material physics.

Khan was born in Bhopla, India.He immigrated Pakistan in 1947. After studying at St. Anthony's High School, khan joined the D.J. Science College of Karachi, where he took physics and mathematics. His teacher at the college was famous solar physicist Dr. Bashir Syed . Khan earned a B.Sc. degree in physical matellurgy at the university of Karachi in 1960.

Khan joined as an inspector of weight and measure in Karachi after graduation. He later resigned and went to work in Netherlands in th 1970's. Khan gained fame as a telanted scientist at the nuclear palnt work in. He had special access to the most restricted areas of the URENCO facility. 

In December 1974 he came back to pakistan and start nuclear program. After his role in Pakistan's nuclear programme, Khan orginezed the Pakistan's national space agency, SUPARCO.

                                   Albert Einstein

Name:- Albert Einstein 

Born:- 14 March 1879 German Empir

Died:- 18 April 195 (aged 76) in U.S

Fields:- Physics

Known for:- General relativity and special relativity, 

Photoelectric effect, 

Mass-energy equivalence

   Theory of Brownian Motion

Einstein field equations

Bose-Einstine statics

Bose-Einstein condensate

Bose-Einstein correlations

Unified Field Theory

EPR paradox

Notable Awards:- Nobel Prize in physics(1921)

                     Matteuccl Medal(1921)

               Copley Medal(1925)

                   Max plank Medal(1929)

                                  Time person of the Century(1999)

A lbert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the general theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics). While best known for his mass-energy equivalence formula E=mc^{2  (which has been dubbed "the world's most famous equation"). he recieved the 1921 Nobel Prize} 

ⁱⁿ his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of 

photoelectric effect. The latter was pivotal in establishing quantum theory. 

Einstein was born on 14th March , 189 in Ulm, Germany.He spent his teenage years in 

Munich with his family.



Alexander Graham Bell

Name:- Alexander Graham Bell

Born:- March 3, 1847 Edinburgh, Scotland, UK

Died:- August 2, 1922 (aged 75) Canada

Cause of death:- Complications from diabetes

Residence:- UK, Canda, U.S

Known for:- Inventing for Telephone

Graham bell was born in Edinburgh, Scotland on March 3, 1847. He was the only child, of professor Alexander Melville Bell, out of three, who didn't die due to tuberculosis at young age .He revived his early education at home from his father, however he then got admitted to Royal high school, Edinburgh, which he left at the age of 15 due to poor performance.

He was an eminent scientist, inventor, engineer and innovator who is credited with inventing the first practical telephone. Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including groundbreaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils and aeronautics. He has been described as one of the most in fluent figures in human history. 

                             Antonie van Leeuwenhoek   

               

Name:- Antonie Leeuwenhoek

Born:- October 24, 1632 Delft, Dutch Republic

Died:- August 26, 1723 (aged 90) Dutch Republic

Residence:- Netherlands

Nationality:- Dutch

Fields:- Microscopist and Biologist

A ntonie Philips Van Leeuwenhoek born on 4 October 1632 in Dutch Republic and died on 26 August 1723. He was a Dutch tradesman and scientist. He is known as " the Father of microbiology" . He is best known for his work on the improvement of the micrscope and for his contributions towards the establishment of microbiology . During youth he worked as draper in Delft, Netherlands, and founded his owen shop. 

He was the first to observe and described single-celled organisms, which he originally refferred to as animalcules, and which are now reffered to as microorganisms. He was also the first to record microsocpe observations of muscle fibers, bacteria, spermatozoa, and blood flow in capillaries (small blood vessels) . Leeuwenhoek did not author any books; his discoveries came to light through correspondence with Royal Society, which published his letters. 

Amedo Avogadro

Name:- Amedeo Avogadro

Born:- 9 August 1776 Turin, Italy

Died:- 9 July 1856 (aged 79) Italy

Nationality:- Italian

Fields:- Physics

Institutions:- University of Turin

Known for:- Avogadro's law

                        Avogadro constant

A medeo Avogadro was born on 9 August 1776, in Turin, Italy. He was a giffted physicst and chemist who proposed the molecular theory

Personal Life:-                                                                                                                                          

      In 1815 , Avogadro married Felicita Mazze of Biella. The couple had six children together. He was a simple, religious and a home-loving person, who want to spent much of their time at home.He did not shared his ideas related to renowned scientists and was therefore, isolated by many.

Major Works:-                                                                                                                                           

Avogadro gained fame due to his hypothesis, which was also known as " Avogadro Law". He stated and published his theory in 1811.This law elucidates that of fixed temperature and pressure, equal volumesof gases contain the same number of molecule regardless of their chemical nature and physical properties.

He also give Avogadro constant 6.02214199 x 10^23, which is the number of molecules in one mole is called " Avogadro numbers"

Benjamin Franklin

Born:-17 January 1706 AD

                      Boston, Massachusetts Bay

     Died:-17 April 1790 (aged 84)  

                 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 

Nationality:- American

Profession:- Printer- Publisher

 Writer

      Politician 

  Scientist

  

B enjamin Franklin was a distinguished human being, who possessed uncanny mind and sharp wit, which he used tirelessly for the betterment of his country and society at large. Franklin is credited for many inventions including the swim fins, Franklin stove, catheter, library chair, step ladder, lightning rod, bifocal glasses etc; however, he never patented any of them. He did so, as he believed that his innovations were not mere sources of moneymaking but would raise the living standards of the masses. His experiments with the lightning, gained him recognition throughout the world. Benjamin Franklin played a vital role in American history as he was a signer of both the Declaration of Independence as well as the Constitution, thus he is considered as one of the pivotal personalities, who shaped America. His influence has been so great on the country that many scholars have gone as far as to describe him as "the only President of the United States who was never President of the United States." Though, as a child he was not able to continue his education beyond elementary level but there was hardly a renowned university that did not felicitate him with an honorary degree for his exemplary work.

Bu Ali Sina (Avacenna)

(980-june-1037)

 Full Name:- Abo' Ali al-Husayn ibn 'Abd Allah ibn Sina
Other Names:- Sharaf al-Mulk, Hujjat al-haq,Sheik al-Rayees
Born:- c.980 Afshana near Bukhara(capital of the Samanid Empire),in present-day Uzbekistan
Died:- June 1037 (aged 56-57) Hamadan, Persia
Era:-Medieval era (Islamic Golden Age)
Region:- Greatr Khorasan under the Samanid Empire(19 years in Bukhara)Khwarazm under the samanids(13 years in Gorganj) Jorjan under the Ziyarids: 1012-14 AD
Main Interests:- Medicine, Philosophy, logic, Islamic theology(kalam), physics, poetry, science
Major Works:- The Book of Healing, The Canon of Medicine


B  u Ali Sina ( Avicenna) was the most significant philosopher in the Islamic tradition and arugably the most influential philosopher of pre-modren era. He is best known as polymath, as physician whoes major work tha Cannon ( al -Qanun fi'l-Tibb) continued to be taught as medical textbook in Europe and in the Islamic world until the early modren period .
Abu 'Ali al -Husyan ibn sina is better known in Europe by the latanized name "Avicenna"

Ernest Rutherford

Also Listed In: Physicists

Famous As: Physicist, Chemist

Nationality: New Zealand,British

Born On: 30 August 1871    Famous 30th August Birthdays

Zodiac Sign: Virgo  Famous Virgos

Born In: Brightwater, New Zealand

Died On: 19 October 1937

Place Of Death: Cambridge, England

Father: James Rutherford

Mother: Martha Thompson

Spouse: Mary Georgina Newton

Children: Eileen Mary

Education: University of Cambridge (1895–1898), University of New Zealand, Trinity College, Cambridge, University of Canterbury, Nelson College

Works & Achievements: Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1908), Discovered radioactive half life, named alpha and beta radiation differently

Awards: 1905-RumfordMedal 

                          1908-NobelPrizeinChemistry 

                        1910 - Elliott Cresson Medal 

Ernest Rutherford is a prominent figure in the field of nuclear physics. He is known for his discoveries of chemical relations between radioactive substances. Rutherford is known for his scattering of atom which is popularly known as Rutherford model which he achieved through his brilliant Rutherford scattering and gold foil experiment. Rutherford attained great heights while researching on radioactivity and discovering and coining the terms alpha, gamma and beta which are different types of radiation. Rutherford received his knighthood, Order of Merit and was made the Baron Rutherford of Nelson, of Cambridge in the County of Cambridge for his outstanding atomic and nuclear findings. Such was the brilliance of Rutherford that most of the researching students working under him achieved great heights and were awarded Nobel Prizes. Rutherford's experiments were regarded as the finest and most controlled ones for which he will always be remembered as one of the greatest scientists ever after Sir Isaac Newton. Rutherford's tomb lies next to Newton's which says how much he is respected and how greatly he is remembered

Work, Research and Contribution

It was in 1898 when Rutherford was made to hold the chair of Macdonald Professor of physics at McGill University in Montreal, Canada, succeeding Hugh Longbourne Callendar. It was here Rutherford gained all his researching highs. His works in McGill won him his Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908.

Rutherford was deeply immersed in his research and investigation of radioactivity. It was while doing this that he coined the terms alpha and beta in 1899. These were radiation emitting rays which were described by Rutherford as two distinct (easily differentiable) emissions by thorium and uranium. Rutherford clearly explained how the rays could be differentiated on the basis of their penetrating power.

In 1900 he received his DSc from the University of New Zealand. During the period 1900 to 1903 Rutherford had a young and new researcher joining him at McGill, Frederick Soddy with whom Rutherford collaborated in a research project which was on transmutation of elements. Rutherford found and rightly explained that radioactivity resulted from spontaneous disintegration of atoms. Rutherford minutely observed and recorded that a sample of radioactive material took same time for half the sample to decay which he later called as ‘half-life’. Rutherford’s discovery was further made and developed into a practical application that was based on constant rate of decay as a clock, which was used to determine the age of the Earth, which was found to be much older than the previously held belief of most scientists.

In 1903 Rutherford found that the radiation (already discovered) emitted by radium which was not named (discovered by French chemist Paul Villard in 1900) had a point of difference (from alpha and beta rays) that was not yet represented. He also found that the distinct ray had a very high penetrating power so Rutherford did not waste much time to name this third type of radiation as gamma ray.

In 1907 Rutherford was appointed to the chair of physics at the University of Manchester. While staying in Manchester, Rutherford continued his quest for alpha radiation. He collaborated with Hans Geiger and developed zinc sulphide scintillation screens and ionisation chambers that were developed to keep a count on alphas. 
 

In 1907 Rutherford along with Thomas Royds carried out a chemical test that involved allowing of alpha rays to penetrate a very thin window into an evacuated tube. The rays invariably sparked the tube into discharge resulting in a spectrum that changed its nature as the alpha rays accumulated in the tube. Further the experiment showed how the clear spectrum of helium gas started to appear. This went on to prove that alphas were in the minimum possibilities ionised helium atoms or probably helium nuclei.

In 1909 Rutherford joined hands with Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden to carry out Geiger–Marsden experiment which was to find and demonstrate the actual nuclear nature of atoms. This experiment was carried out to get proper formulated results on alpha particles. Rutherford had asked Geiger and Marsden to find alpha particles having very high deflection angles (no predetermined types were expected as there were no previous theories of matter propounded earlier to this experiment). Deflections were found but were rare and had a smooth and a high-order function of the deflection angle. The interpretations and the result-achieving experiment inspired Rutherford to bring out his Rutherford model of the atom in 1911. This theory stated that even a small nucleus when positively charged had electrons orbiting around it.

In 1919 Rutherford took over the Cavendish laboratory in Cambridge where he transmuted one element into another (for the first time ever by anyone) converting nitrogen into oxygen through the nuclear reaction. Rutherford carried out his experiment with Niels Bohr and made a theory about the existence of neutrons and also the fact that they could compensate for the repelling effect of the positive charges of protons by initiating an attractive nuclear force which resulted the nuclei from not breaking apart.

In 1932 Rutherford’s neutron theory was proved by James Chadwick who went on to receive the Nobel Prize in Physics for this discovery in 1935.

Awards and Honours

He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908 for making path breaking discoveries and successful investigations into the process of elements’ disintegration and the related chemistry of radioactive substances. Rutherford was made the Knight in 1914. In 1916 Rutherford received the Hector Memorial Medal award. In 1919 Rutherford returned to Cavendish laboratory in Cambridge where he was made the Director. While being the Director at Cavendish, Rutherford supervised several researchers, the notable ones being James Chadwick, John Douglas Cockcroft, Edward Victor Appleton and Thomas Sinton Walton all of whom won Nobel Prizes for their atomic reactions, neutron discoveries, demonstrations and chemical experiments on articles and ionospheres. In 1925 Rutherford was honoured with the Order of Merit. In 1931 Rutherford was honoured with the title of Baron Rutherford of Nelson, of Cambridge in the County of Cambridge.

Even after his death, Rutherford has been held in high honour by keeping him in a tomb in Westminster Abbey, alongside J. J. Thomson, and near Sir Isaac Newton.

                            Galileo Galilei

Famous As: Astronomer, Mathematician, Philosopher, Rebel Scientist, Physicist

Nationality: Italian

Born On: 15 February 1564 AD    Famous 15th February Birthdays

Zodiac Sign: Aquarius    Famous Aquarians

Born In: Pisa

Died On: 08 January 1642 AD

Place Of Death: Arcetri

Father: Vincenzo Galilei

Mother: Giulia Ammannati

Siblings: Michelagnolo

Spouse: Marina Gamba

Children: Maria Celeste, Livia, Vincenzo Gamba

Education: University of Pisa, University of Padua

Discoveries / Inventions: Telescope, Ballistics Calculation Geometric, Military Compass,Jupiter's Four Largest Satellites (moons)

Works & Achievements: Founded Galilean Telescope, Stated the Heliocentric Cosmology, Discovered Jupiter's 4 moons

Often remembered as the Father of Modern Astronomy, Galileo Galilei was one of the most celebrated and illustrious astronomers, mathematicians and physicists in the history of mankind. He played a major role and was instrumental in establishing the scientific revolution. Galileo is credited for developing much of the modern concepts, which have proved to be the foundation on which research is conducted in the present times. Throughout his life, Galileo greatly contributed to astronomical observatory. He bettered the telescope, which assisted him in his discoveries. He also dismissed the Aristotelian view which was dominant in that era and supported Copernicanism. His contribution in the field of astronomy includes the telescopic confirmation of the phases of Venus, the discovery of the four largest satellites of Jupiter, and the observation and analysis of sunspots. Furthermore, he invented an improved military compass and other instruments in the field of applied science and technology. It was his prophesizing the heliocentric view and supporting Copernicanism that irked the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in his lifelong conflict with the same. Nevertheless, with the dawn of the 20th century, the Church lifted the ban imposed on Galileo's books and acclaimed him as the Father of Modern was dom� � t i �f `�` a and supported Copernicanism. His contribution in the field of astronomy includes the telescopic confirmation of the phases of � s �f `�` very of the four largest satellites of Jupiter, and the observation and analysis of sunspots. Furthermore, he invented an improved military compass and other instruments in the field of applied science and technology. It was his prophesizing the heliocentric view and supporting Copernicanism that irked the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in his lifelong conflict with the same. Nevertheless, with the dawn of the 20th century, the Church lifted the ban imposed on Galileo's books and acclaimed him as the Father of Modern Sciences.